Our Commitment to Social Computing Research: Social Interactions Focused Awards Announcement

Ed H. Chi, Staff Research Scientist

Social interactions have always been an important part of the human experience. Social interaction research has shown results ranging from influences on our behavior from social networks [Aral2012] to our understanding of social belonging on health [Walton2011], as well as how conflicts and coordination play out in Wikipedia [Kittur2007]. Interestingly, social scientists have studied social interactions for many years, but it wasn’t until very recently that researchers can study these mechanisms through the explosion of services and data available on web-based social systems.

From information dissemination and the spread of innovation and ideas, to scientific discovery, we are seeing how a deep understanding of social interactions is affecting many different fields, such as health and education. For instance, scientists now have strong evidence that social interactions underlie many fundamental learning mechanisms starting from infancy well into adulthood [Meltzoff2009], and that peer discussions are critical in conceptual learning in college classes [Smith2009]. How might these learning science findings be built into social systems and products so that users maximize what they learn on the Web?

We know that interactions on the Web are diverse and people-centered. Google now enables social interactions to occur across many of our products, from Google+ to Search to YouTube. To understand the future of this socially connected web, we need to investigate fundamental patterns, design principles, and laws that shape and govern these social interactions.

We envision research at the intersection of disciplines including Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Social Science, Social Psychology, Machine Learning, Big Data Analytics, Statistics and Economics. These fields are central to the study of how social interactions work, particularly driven by new sources of data, for example, open data sets from Web2.0 and social media sites, government databases, crowdsourcing, new survey techniques, and crisis management data collections. New techniques from network science and computational modeling, social network and sentiment analysis, application of statistical and machine learning, as well as theories from evolutionary theory, physics, and information theory, are actively being used in social interaction research.

We’re pleased to announce that Google has awarded over $1.2 million dollars to support the Social Interactions Research Awards, which are given to university research groups doing work in social computing and interactions. Research topics range from crowdsourcing, social annotations, a social media behavioral study, social learning, conversation curation, and scientific studies of how to start online communities.

We have awarded 15 researchers in 7 universities. We selected these proposals after a rigorous internal review. We believe the results will be broadly useful to product development and will further scientific research.

• Joseph Konstan, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl from University of Minnesota. Precision Crowdsourcing: Closing the Loop to turn Information Consumers into Information Contributors.
• Mor Naaman from Rutgers University, and Oded Nov from Polytechnic Institute of New York University. Examining the Impact of Social Traces on Page Visitors’ Opinions and Engagement.
• Paul Resnick, Eytan Adar, and Cliff Lampe from University of Michigan. MTogether: A Living Lab for Social Media Research.
• Marti Hearst from UC Berkeley. Understanding Social Learning Among Subgroups Within Large Online Learning Environments.
• David Karger and Rob Miller from MIT. Crowdsourced Curation of Conversations.
• Robert Kraut, Laura Dabbish, Jason Hong, Aniket Kittur from CMU. Successfully Starting Online Groups.

We look forward to working with these researchers, and we hope that we will jointly push the frontier of social interactions research to the next level.

References
[1] Aral, S., & Walker, D. (2012). Identifying Influential and Susceptible Members of Social Networks. Science , 337 (6092 ), 337–341. doi:10.1126/science.1215842
[2] Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2011). A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students. Science , 331 (6023 ), 1447–1451. doi:10.1126/science.1198364
[3] Aniket Kittur, Bongwon Suh, Bryan Pendleton, Ed H. Chi. He Says, She Says: Conflict and Coordination in Wikipedia. In Proc. of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI2007), pp. 453--462, April 2007. ACM Press. San Jose, CA.
[4] Meltzoff, A. N., Kuhl, P. K., Movellan, J., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2009). Foundations for a New Science of Learning. Science , 325 (5938), 284–288. doi:10.1126/science.1175626
[5] Smith, M. K., Wood, W. B., Adams, W. K., Wieman, C., Knight, J. K., Guild, N., & Su, T. T. (2009). Why Peer Discussion Improves Student Performance on In-Class Concept Questions. Science , 323 (5910), 122–124. doi:10.1126/science.1165919

Google Research Awards: Winter, 2013

Posted by Maggie Johnson, Director of Education & University Relations

Another round of the Google Research Awards has just been completed. This is our bi-annual open call for proposals on a variety of computer science-related topics, including systems, machine perception, natural language processing, security and many others. Our grants cover tuition and travel for a graduate student and provides faculty and students the opportunity to work directly with Google scientists and engineers.

This round, we received almost 600 proposals from 46 different countries. After expert reviews and committee discussions, we decided to fund 102 projects. The subject areas that received the highest level of support were human-computer interaction, machine learning, and mobile. In addition, 22% of the funding was awarded to universities outside the U.S.

Google’s University Relations funding falls into three categories. The first is the Google Research Award program which funds new faculty and innovative projects, or helps faculty get a new research program off the ground. We fund over 200 projects annually through this program. We feel this is a great way for Google to support a large number of faculty and projects, and it helps us keep a pulse on what’s going on in academic computer science research.

The second category of funding goes toward more focused, longer-term projects, where we collaborate closely on projects of mutual interest. Our PhD Fellowship program is also a part of our focused program strategy. The third category goes toward new programs and initiatives, and to the development of research and education in emerging countries.

Congratulations to the well-deserving recipients of this round’s awards. If you are interested in applying for the next round (deadline is April 15), please visit our website for more information.

Our second round of Google Research Awards for 2011

Posted by Maggie Johnson, Director of Education & University Relations

We’ve just finished the review process for the latest round of the Google Research Awards, which provide funding to full-time faculty working on research in areas of mutual interest with Google. We are delighted to be funding 119 awards across 21 different focus areas for a total of $6 million. The subject areas that received the highest level of support this time were systems and infrastructure, human-computer interaction, social and mobile. In addition, 24% of the funding was awarded to universities outside the U.S.

One way in which we measure the impact of the research award program is through surveys of Principal Investigators (PIs) and their Google sponsors (a Googler with whom grantees can discuss research directions, provide progress updates, engage in knowledge transfer, etc.). Here are some highlights from our most recent survey, covering projects funded over the last two years:

• 433 papers were published as a result of a Google research award
• 126 projects made data sets or software publicly available
• 63 research talks were given by sponsored PIs at Google offices

An important aspect of the program is that it often gives early career academics a head start on their research agenda. Many new PIs commented on how a Google research award allowed them to explore their initial ideas and build a foundation for obtaining more significant funding from other sources. This type of seed funding is especially hard to get in the current economic environment.

The goal of the research award program is to initiate and sustain strong collaborations with our academic colleagues. The collaborations take many forms, from working on a project together, to co-writing a paper, to coming to Google to give a research talk. Whatever the form, the most important aspect is building strong relationships that last. Case in point, many of our focused awards (multi-year, unrestricted grants that include access to Google’s tools, technology and expertise) started as Google research awards.

Congratulations to the well-deserving recipients of this round’s awards, and if you are interested in applying for the next round (deadline is April 15), please visit our website for more information.

Our first round of Google Research Awards for 2011

Posted by Maggie Johnson, Director of Education & University Relations

We’ve just finished awarding the latest round of Google Research Awards, which provide funding to full-time faculty working on research in areas of mutual interest with Google. A record number of submissions came in this round, and we are delighted to be funding 112 awards across 21 different focus areas for a total of more than $6.75 million. The subject areas that received the highest level of support were systems and infrastructure, human computer interaction, Geo/maps and machine learning. Thanks to strong international collaborations, 23% of the funding in this round was awarded to universities outside the U.S.

In prior years, we’ve used this blog post to highlight some of our top-ranked projects, but this year, we’d like to give you an inside look into how we determine the award recipients.

Designating the awards involves a careful and detailed review process. First, we have a set of internal research leads, each a well-known expert in their field, review all the proposals in their area. They assess the proposals on merit, innovation, connection to Google’s products and services and fit with our overall research agenda. The research leads then assign several volunteer reviewers—culled from experts on their team or other Google engineers holding PhDs—to weigh each proposal.

All these reviews are recorded in an internal grant administration system, and the research leads make their funding recommendations. These recommendations are aggregated and a series of committee meetings are run, one for each research area. The research lead attends, along with members of the university relations team and executives in research. This committee reviews each proposal that the research lead has recommended for funding, using the same criteria mentioned above. This additional review process may change the proposal rankings and sometimes brings back other proposals for reconsideration.

Once the committee meetings are complete, we make the final funding decisions, which are based on the available budget and balancing the funding across research areas and geographic regions. The final decisions are reviewed one last time by research management, and then we distribute the awards to the selected faculty.

As the number of submissions for these research awards continues to grow, we remain committed to a merit-based review process with effective checks and balances. Congratulations to the well-deserving recipients of this round’s awards, and if you are interested in applying for the next round (deadline is August 1), please visit our website for more information.

After the award: students and mentors

Posted by Leslie Yeh Johnson, University Relations Manager

For the past two years, we’ve looked forward to honoring the best and the brightest graduate students pursuing doctoral degrees around the globe through Google’s fellowship program. We’re thrilled to be supporting these students with a monetary gift, but what happens after the awards are given out?

An important component of our fellowship program is the Google research mentor. Each fellowship student is paired with a full-time Googler based on mutual research interests. The idea is that the mentors provide a different point of view from the students’ day-to-day academic world, introduce them to a professional network which will last their entire career and provide meaningful context and feedback based on their own experiences as the students work their way through graduate school. In return, the Googler has the unique opportunity to mentor one of the top students in the field and foster a future leader in technology.

Jason Mars of the University of Virginia was awarded the 2010 Google U.S./Canada Fellowship in Compiler Technology. Robert Hundt, a compiler and datacenter researcher at Google, was Jason’s research mentor. Here, they share how a fellowship turned out to be much more than just an award:

In Jason’s words
When I first met Robert at a research conference, I didn’t realize he would become one of the most important mentors I've had. Beyond our match in personality and thinking styles, Robert took an interest in shaping and sharpening me as a researcher and engineer, and I've benefited greatly from his guidance. I realized after my first internship that Google faces some of the most compelling research problems in computer science today. Robert’s mentorship combined with my Google Fellowship have prompted me to delve deeper into these open problems. In fact, I ended up returning to Google for two subsequent internships. Together, Robert and I have published a number of research papers (with more on the way) and filed two Google patent applications. Our relationship is greater than just mentor and mentee—we are colleagues and friends.

In Robert’s words
Given the high expectations we have for our interns, it’s no surprise to me that one of our most successful interns, Jason Mars, is a recipient of an esteemed Google Fellowship. A three-time returning intern, Jason brought great levels of enthusiasm, creativity, problem solving and problem finding skills to our team, and kept us all on our toes by challenging assumptions and the status quo. He has written half a dozen conference and workshop papers and has built relationships with many people, not just at Google, but throughout Silicon Valley. Jason is well on his way to become a renowned expert in datacenter performance and contention issues. I am very proud of him and grateful to be part of his journey. I believe I may have learned as much from him, with his limitless energy and technical creativity, as he has learned during his time at Google. Lastly, and most importantly, I have won a friend.

2011 Google Fellowships
This year, we we will be awarding fellowships to 34 promising young research students around the globe. These awards support their tuition and stipend, as well as a Google research mentor. Click here for a PDF of all of our Google Fellowship recipients. Congratulations to all the fellows; we look forward to seeing you move technology forward.

Find out what’s in a word, or five, with the Google Books Ngram Viewer

Posted by Jon Orwant, Engineering Manager, Google Books

[Cross-posted from the Google Books Blog]

Scholars interested in topics such as philosophy, religion, politics, art and language have employed qualitative approaches such as literary and critical analysis with great success. As more of the world’s literature becomes available online, it’s increasingly possible to apply quantitative methods to complement that research. So today Will Brockman and I are happy to announce a new visualization tool called the Google Books Ngram Viewer, available on Google Labs. We’re also making the datasets backing the Ngram Viewer, produced by Matthew Gray and intern Yuan K. Shen, freely downloadable so that scholars will be able to create replicable experiments in the style of traditional scientific discovery.

Comparing instances of [flute], [guitar], [drum] and [trumpet] (

blue, red, yellow and green respectively)

in English literature from 1750 to 2008

Since 2004, Google has digitized more than 15 million books worldwide. The datasets we’re making available today to further humanities research are based on a subset of that corpus, weighing in at 500 billion words from 5.2 million books in Chinese, English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish. The datasets contain phrases of up to five words with counts of how often they occurred in each year.

These datasets were the basis of a research project led by Harvard University’s Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Lieberman Aiden published today in Science and coauthored by several Googlers. Their work provides several examples of how quantitative methods can provide insights into topics as diverse as the spread of innovations, the effects of youth and profession on fame, and trends in censorship.

The Ngram Viewer lets you graph and compare phrases from these datasets over time, showing how their usage has waxed and waned over the years. One of the advantages of having data online is that it lowers the barrier to serendipity: you can stumble across something in these 500 billion words and be the first person ever to make that discovery. Below I’ve listed a few interesting queries to pique your interest:

World War I, Great War
child care, nursery school, kindergarten
fax, phone, email
look before you leap, he who hesitates is lost
virus, bacteria
tofu, hot dog
burnt, burned
flute, guitar, trumpet, drum
Paris, London, New York, Boston, Rome
laptop, mainframe, microcomputer, minicomputer
fry, bake, grill, roast
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln
supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

We know nothing can replace the balance of art and science that is the qualitative cornerstone of research in the humanities. But we hope the Google Books Ngram Viewer will spark some new hypotheses ripe for in-depth investigation, and invite casual exploration at the same time. We’ve started working with some researchers already via our Digital Humanities Research Awards, and look forward to additional collaboration with like-minded researchers in the future.

$6 million to faculty in Q4 Research Awards

Posted by Maggie Johnson, Director of Education and University Relations

We've just completed the latest round of Google Research Awards, our program which identifies and supports faculty pursuing research in areas of mutual interest. We had a record number of submissions this round, and are funding 112 awards across 20 different areas—for a total of more than $6 million. We’re also providing more than 150 Android devices for research and curriculum development to faculty whose projects rely heavily on Android hardware.

The areas that received the highest level of funding, due to the large number of proposals in these areas, were systems and infrastructure, human computer interaction, security and multimedia. We also continue to support international research; in this round, 29 percent of the funding was awarded to universities outside the U.S.

Some examples from this round of awards:

• Injong Rhee, North Carolina State University. Experimental Evaluation of Increasing TCP Initial Congestion Window (Systems)
• James Jones, University of California, Irvine. Bug Comprehension Techniques to Assist Software Debugging (Software Engineering)
• Yonina Eldar, Technion, Israel. Semi-Supervised Regression with Auxiliary Knowledge (Machine Learning)
• Victor Lavrenko, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Interactive Relevance Feedback for Mobile Search (Information Retrieval)
• James Glass, MIT. Crowdsourcing to Acquire Semantically Labelled Text and Speech Data for Speech Understanding (Speech)
• Chi Keung Tang, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Quasi-Dense 3D Reconstruction from 2D Uncalibrated Photos (Geo/Maps)
• Phil Blunsom, Oxford, United Kingdom. Unsupervised Induction of Multi-Nonterminal Grammars for Statistical Machine Translation (Machine Translation)
• Oren Etzioni, University of Washington. Accessing the Web utilizing Android Phones, Dialogue, and Open Information Extraction (Mobile)
• Matthew Salganik, Princeton. Developments in Bottom-Up Social Data Collection (Social)

The full list of this round’s award recipients can be found in this PDF. For more information on our research award program, visit our website. And if you’re a faculty member, we welcome you to apply for one of next year’s two rounds. The deadline for the first round is February 1.